The Globalization in World Politics
Globalization Terms
Martin Albrow: 1990: Globalization refers to all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society, global society. Globalization in genereal views (definition) in which processes of making nations/ nation-states united in one single global world.
Anthony Giddens: 1996: Globalization can be defined as the intensification of world wide social relations which link distant lovalities in such way that local happeneing are shaped by events occuring many miles away and vice versa.
Globalization is defined as occurrence in which one local event could give affect in another world thoroughly nor can be viewed in another part of the world. therefore, globalization identified the presence of advanced technology that can enhance/ hasten the speed of information.
Emanuel Richter: Global networking that has welded together preciously disparate and isolated communities on this planet into mutual dependence and unity of one world globalization exists as a tool that assists isolated communities to come together bended in one society.
Robert Cox: 1994: Globalization in economic perspective views: globalization enables worker mobilize from South to North or in eitherway.
Rosabeth Moss Kanter: 1995 (economic views II). Globalization identified by the presence of advanced technology that enables goods, services, and merchandises become more accessible to every consumers.
Martin Khor: 1995 (the negatives), globalization refers to a new form of colonization.
David Held: 1999. Globalization refers to the roles of international organization that ongoes beyond spatial aspects of social relations.
Above all, globalization simply covers various meanings: politic–correlated with colonization; economic–correlated with the presence of technology; social–correlated with the emerging of widely international organizations; culture–the fast growing of information speed; security–creating one single world society, and hence, globalization covers many terms in many aspects in which composed in one.
A. POLITICAL POWER AND GLOBALIZATION
globalization produces unifying and divisive forces. for some, globalization processes, on balance, represent a tremendous opportunity for prosperity, peace and democracy (Fukuyama, 1989; Friedman, 1999; Giddens, 2000). Others by control see greater potential for conflict, extreme self-interest, unbridled corporate power and disregard of people and entire civilizations (Barber, Huntington, Kaplan, Rodrick, Zakaria, Gray, Herold, Held, Hurrel and Woods). These contradictory forces operate not only between states, but also within them.One of the key discussions within the globalization literature surrounds whether the nation state is obsolete as teh best form of political organization economic and social processes increasingly fail to conform to naiton-states
B. TECHNOLOGY AND GOVERNANCE
Given the close relationship between globalization and technological innnovation, research has also examined how new technologies will affect our nations of democracy and citizenship. On the surface, it may seem that these technologies would allow of greater information availability allowing the oppressed to rise up against authoritarian gobernments as well as allowing the disadvantaged to participate on more equal footing in advanced industrial democracies.
Recent scholarship has taken issue with the asumption that these technologies are liberating. Some have pointed out that network technology makes surveillance and control easier (Barney, 2000).
B. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
The use of the term globalization in the common parlance often refers to economic acitivit. The volume of capital flowsfar exceeds that of the past. Production processes are increasingly dispersed regionally and globally. Developing countries, too, have increasingly been a part of global trade and capital flows. In short, the world has reached a stage in which one can meaningfully refer to one global economy. the trend of regionalism should also not be considered as counterforce to globlaization but a complement. The nature of capilatism also appears to have undergone change as the world has entered a post-industrial economy. Contemporary patters of economic globalization suggest the emergence of a new international division of labor (Johnston, 1995). Economic processes have bcome so diffuese that even the strongest states can no longer wholly control them. With states reluctant to cede authority to international actors, some see economic provesses are out of control leaving little option but to accommodate the forces of globalization. Others. See multilateral institutions as increasingly importan sites in which economic globalization is contested.
Economic glows are also highly concentrated amongst the wealthies countries. In fact, three leading centers of power the united sttes, the european union, and japan appera to be carving out their own regional spheres of evonomic ingluences (Hart, 1992; Sandholtz, 1992; Hirst and htompson, 1999).
C. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
Through the global media and communication technologies, virtually everyone on earth is exposed to foreign ideas and pratices. The scale of global communications and imigration has begun to brake down national identities (Rheingold, 1995). The emergence og NGOs and global social movements as important political actors provide further evidence for a new culture of global civil society. The creation of global civil society has become increasingly important component of globalization. By most conceptions, these diverse social movements and NGOs can be considered part of resistance of globalization because they seek to give ideas of human rights, environmental protection, and the like equal footing with economic efficiency. At the same time, the interconnectedness fostered by globalization has facilitated their growth in importance.
In addition, speaking of a global society masks signigicant difference within the vaslt pool of goups, the most general of which is the distinction between civil society groups from the global North and South.
For many cultural organization means Westernization or Americanization. An important distinction converning todays cultural glbalization is that is largely dirven by corporations rather than countries. Cultural glbalization involves processes of unequal power, wthich brings western cultures and pracitces are at risk ofbeing overwhelemed by homogenizing.
Above all, have been explained/ explicated aspects in which glbalization vovers in transforming international politics to world (global) politics. Before explaingin the definitions/roots of globalization: history, globalization theories, and its implication in world (global) politics; given distinct definitions concerning international politics and global politics are below:
1. International politics traditionally regerst to nation-states interactions relations in which states are the main players in politics
2. While glbal (world) politics note the relations of not literally sttes only, but multinational corporations, terrorist movements, lower issues (instead of higher issues maily idsecussed/ debated in internaitonal politics scope). Hence points out as states not the main actors in constructin world policics. Therefore, the use words: internatioanl and world determine who the main actores in the IR are.\
THEORIES IN WORLD POLITICS
In ways understanding the significance of world policitcs, three mainly theories are ought to be embraced by, those are:
1. Realism
2. Idealism (liberalism)
3. Marxism
4. Realism
No matter how far globalization world politics brought up the globalization ideas, but still stes have full control over it’s legitimayc and sovereignty.
1. Liberalism
As globalzation intrudeced to the civil society, states are no longer central actors in which it has less authority to manage/ direct globalziation concerning the world policics then create a single global society.
1. Marxism
Globalization is another tool of capitalism to overwhelme third world states—in particularly and the developing countriesàgenerally. And Marxism suggests that actors are classes, not states.
OPINIONS
The overviews of previous definitons: realism, marxis, and idealism, of current globalization is yet argueable and therefore, leaving one feeling more confused than before. The loads of definitions is clearly and indication of the varying opinions that have developed regarding this concept since it first appeared. Negertheless, abundance doesn’t necessarily indicate that with each definition there has been marked improvement. Many of the definitions, within above theories quite often include political and social aspects as well. However, this indicates that notions of globalization in today/ past world policitcs tend to lean toward evonomic roots of the concept.
Globalization: simply means?
Globalization simply covers five usage definitions:
1. Internationalization
2. Liberalization
3. Universalization
4. Westernization
5. Deterritorialization
However, from above four main points of globalizaton definiotn has failed to continue, and there deteritorialization to be the single adewuate definition for gloalization. In addition to that, there’s another suggestion to define globalizaton. Globalization is a process. A process that encompasses the cause, course, and conssequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human acitivities. Globalization is not narrowly mean deterritorialization, meaning it’s not an fedge in which once “deterritorialization” made then its’ stepped and forgotten. Furthermore, its’ important to saying that globalization is a process, a current that has been impacting cummunities, cultures, econoies, for hundred years. Hence, it si a result of history, it encompasses the causes, the course, and the consequences of integrations; transnatonal and trancultural integrations that have occurred globally throughout human history.
Above all the concept of globalization, which is deterritorialization shall not be the main concept used in defining roles globalisation in state system. The definite beliefs is globalisation does not mean eliminating/making state territory invisibly doesn’t’ exist: the border will always there, the border will always be noticeable. And that suggests thata there is no concern that the existence of globalizatoin will threaten a state’s democracy and sovereignty.
CONCLUSION and OPINION
Globalization is not a single concept that can be defined and encompassed within a set time of frame, nor is it a process that can be defined clearly with a beginning and an and. Furthermore, it cannot be expounded upon with certainty and be applicable to all people and in all situations.
Globalization involves economic integration, the transfer of policies across borders, the transmision of knowledge, cultureal stability; the reproduction, the relations and discourses of power; it is a global process, a concept, a revolution and an establishmend of the global market free from socio political control. Globalization is a concept that has been defined over the years, with comnotations referring to progress, development, and stability; integration. By its natures globalization spans multitude of disciplines, communities, and cultures.
Martin Albrow: 1990: Globalization refers to all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society, global society. Globalization in genereal views (definition) in which processes of making nations/ nation-states united in one single global world.
Anthony Giddens: 1996: Globalization can be defined as the intensification of world wide social relations which link distant lovalities in such way that local happeneing are shaped by events occuring many miles away and vice versa.
Globalization is defined as occurrence in which one local event could give affect in another world thoroughly nor can be viewed in another part of the world. therefore, globalization identified the presence of advanced technology that can enhance/ hasten the speed of information.
Emanuel Richter: Global networking that has welded together preciously disparate and isolated communities on this planet into mutual dependence and unity of one world globalization exists as a tool that assists isolated communities to come together bended in one society.
Robert Cox: 1994: Globalization in economic perspective views: globalization enables worker mobilize from South to North or in eitherway.
Rosabeth Moss Kanter: 1995 (economic views II). Globalization identified by the presence of advanced technology that enables goods, services, and merchandises become more accessible to every consumers.
Martin Khor: 1995 (the negatives), globalization refers to a new form of colonization.
David Held: 1999. Globalization refers to the roles of international organization that ongoes beyond spatial aspects of social relations.
Above all, globalization simply covers various meanings: politic–correlated with colonization; economic–correlated with the presence of technology; social–correlated with the emerging of widely international organizations; culture–the fast growing of information speed; security–creating one single world society, and hence, globalization covers many terms in many aspects in which composed in one.
A. POLITICAL POWER AND GLOBALIZATION
globalization produces unifying and divisive forces. for some, globalization processes, on balance, represent a tremendous opportunity for prosperity, peace and democracy (Fukuyama, 1989; Friedman, 1999; Giddens, 2000). Others by control see greater potential for conflict, extreme self-interest, unbridled corporate power and disregard of people and entire civilizations (Barber, Huntington, Kaplan, Rodrick, Zakaria, Gray, Herold, Held, Hurrel and Woods). These contradictory forces operate not only between states, but also within them.One of the key discussions within the globalization literature surrounds whether the nation state is obsolete as teh best form of political organization economic and social processes increasingly fail to conform to naiton-states
B. TECHNOLOGY AND GOVERNANCE
Given the close relationship between globalization and technological innnovation, research has also examined how new technologies will affect our nations of democracy and citizenship. On the surface, it may seem that these technologies would allow of greater information availability allowing the oppressed to rise up against authoritarian gobernments as well as allowing the disadvantaged to participate on more equal footing in advanced industrial democracies.
Recent scholarship has taken issue with the asumption that these technologies are liberating. Some have pointed out that network technology makes surveillance and control easier (Barney, 2000).
B. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
The use of the term globalization in the common parlance often refers to economic acitivit. The volume of capital flowsfar exceeds that of the past. Production processes are increasingly dispersed regionally and globally. Developing countries, too, have increasingly been a part of global trade and capital flows. In short, the world has reached a stage in which one can meaningfully refer to one global economy. the trend of regionalism should also not be considered as counterforce to globlaization but a complement. The nature of capilatism also appears to have undergone change as the world has entered a post-industrial economy. Contemporary patters of economic globalization suggest the emergence of a new international division of labor (Johnston, 1995). Economic processes have bcome so diffuese that even the strongest states can no longer wholly control them. With states reluctant to cede authority to international actors, some see economic provesses are out of control leaving little option but to accommodate the forces of globalization. Others. See multilateral institutions as increasingly importan sites in which economic globalization is contested.
Economic glows are also highly concentrated amongst the wealthies countries. In fact, three leading centers of power the united sttes, the european union, and japan appera to be carving out their own regional spheres of evonomic ingluences (Hart, 1992; Sandholtz, 1992; Hirst and htompson, 1999).
C. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
Through the global media and communication technologies, virtually everyone on earth is exposed to foreign ideas and pratices. The scale of global communications and imigration has begun to brake down national identities (Rheingold, 1995). The emergence og NGOs and global social movements as important political actors provide further evidence for a new culture of global civil society. The creation of global civil society has become increasingly important component of globalization. By most conceptions, these diverse social movements and NGOs can be considered part of resistance of globalization because they seek to give ideas of human rights, environmental protection, and the like equal footing with economic efficiency. At the same time, the interconnectedness fostered by globalization has facilitated their growth in importance.
In addition, speaking of a global society masks signigicant difference within the vaslt pool of goups, the most general of which is the distinction between civil society groups from the global North and South.
For many cultural organization means Westernization or Americanization. An important distinction converning todays cultural glbalization is that is largely dirven by corporations rather than countries. Cultural glbalization involves processes of unequal power, wthich brings western cultures and pracitces are at risk ofbeing overwhelemed by homogenizing.
Above all, have been explained/ explicated aspects in which glbalization vovers in transforming international politics to world (global) politics. Before explaingin the definitions/roots of globalization: history, globalization theories, and its implication in world (global) politics; given distinct definitions concerning international politics and global politics are below:
1. International politics traditionally regerst to nation-states interactions relations in which states are the main players in politics
2. While glbal (world) politics note the relations of not literally sttes only, but multinational corporations, terrorist movements, lower issues (instead of higher issues maily idsecussed/ debated in internaitonal politics scope). Hence points out as states not the main actors in constructin world policics. Therefore, the use words: internatioanl and world determine who the main actores in the IR are.\
THEORIES IN WORLD POLITICS
In ways understanding the significance of world policitcs, three mainly theories are ought to be embraced by, those are:
1. Realism
2. Idealism (liberalism)
3. Marxism
4. Realism
No matter how far globalization world politics brought up the globalization ideas, but still stes have full control over it’s legitimayc and sovereignty.
1. Liberalism
As globalzation intrudeced to the civil society, states are no longer central actors in which it has less authority to manage/ direct globalziation concerning the world policics then create a single global society.
1. Marxism
Globalization is another tool of capitalism to overwhelme third world states—in particularly and the developing countriesàgenerally. And Marxism suggests that actors are classes, not states.
OPINIONS
The overviews of previous definitons: realism, marxis, and idealism, of current globalization is yet argueable and therefore, leaving one feeling more confused than before. The loads of definitions is clearly and indication of the varying opinions that have developed regarding this concept since it first appeared. Negertheless, abundance doesn’t necessarily indicate that with each definition there has been marked improvement. Many of the definitions, within above theories quite often include political and social aspects as well. However, this indicates that notions of globalization in today/ past world policitcs tend to lean toward evonomic roots of the concept.
Globalization: simply means?
Globalization simply covers five usage definitions:
1. Internationalization
2. Liberalization
3. Universalization
4. Westernization
5. Deterritorialization
However, from above four main points of globalizaton definiotn has failed to continue, and there deteritorialization to be the single adewuate definition for gloalization. In addition to that, there’s another suggestion to define globalizaton. Globalization is a process. A process that encompasses the cause, course, and conssequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human acitivities. Globalization is not narrowly mean deterritorialization, meaning it’s not an fedge in which once “deterritorialization” made then its’ stepped and forgotten. Furthermore, its’ important to saying that globalization is a process, a current that has been impacting cummunities, cultures, econoies, for hundred years. Hence, it si a result of history, it encompasses the causes, the course, and the consequences of integrations; transnatonal and trancultural integrations that have occurred globally throughout human history.
Above all the concept of globalization, which is deterritorialization shall not be the main concept used in defining roles globalisation in state system. The definite beliefs is globalisation does not mean eliminating/making state territory invisibly doesn’t’ exist: the border will always there, the border will always be noticeable. And that suggests thata there is no concern that the existence of globalizatoin will threaten a state’s democracy and sovereignty.
CONCLUSION and OPINION
Globalization is not a single concept that can be defined and encompassed within a set time of frame, nor is it a process that can be defined clearly with a beginning and an and. Furthermore, it cannot be expounded upon with certainty and be applicable to all people and in all situations.
Globalization involves economic integration, the transfer of policies across borders, the transmision of knowledge, cultureal stability; the reproduction, the relations and discourses of power; it is a global process, a concept, a revolution and an establishmend of the global market free from socio political control. Globalization is a concept that has been defined over the years, with comnotations referring to progress, development, and stability; integration. By its natures globalization spans multitude of disciplines, communities, and cultures.
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