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At the most general level, an actor in world politics has been defined as ‘any entity which plays an identifiable role in international relation’ (Evans and Nenham 1990, p.6) This definition is so broad as even to encompass individuals. Although this inclusion is open to debate (Rossenau, 1990: Girrad, 1994), most authors reject it because the influence of individuals in international politics is most often incidental and tend to diminish over time (Taylor, 1984, p.20). In his seminal essay ‘The Actors in World Politics’, Oran Young (1972, p.140) offers a way out to refine the above general definition by defining an actor as: “any organized entity that is composed, at least indirectly, of human beings, is not wholly subordinate to any other actor in the world system in effective terms, and participate in power relationships with other actors.” This definition suggests that to be considered an actor in world politics the entity under consideration needs to possess a degree of autonomy...

EMERGING NATIONS/ NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT As the world war II ends, it produces a large decolonization. A large decolonization is emerged as a call for a growing nationalism. Growing nationalism has its own importance to breed several new states embedded with opportunity grow as a powerful states. One of instances are Indonesia, liberated from Holland; Egypt liberated from France; Iran liberated from United Kingdom; India liberated from United Kingdom. Nationalism was already inside decolonization. Sometime nationalism has been a tool to demonstrate a power as Japan did in the same year of cold war. Another value of nationalism was to deminish central power possesed by several great empires such as Great Britain, France, and Portugal. Nationalism has been a symbol for United States as well to emphasize its domination in a world after world war I. As cold war initiates its bloc division between East-West, terminology emanated to define power competition between US-capitalist and USSR-com...

9 11 matters After the 2001 attacks, people around the world expressed shock and support for the U.S. government. Since then, however, negative attitudes about America have increased and become more intense, not just within Muslim populations, but worldwide. The Iraq War, begun in March 2003, exacerbated negative opinions of America in virtually every country polled — both traditional allies and non allies. Today, there is a realization that strong negative public opinion about the United States could affect how helpful countries will be in the war on terrorism. Moreover, negative sentiment might assist terrorist groups in recruiting new members. Therefore in recent years a sense of urgency to utilize public diplomacy to the maximum extent possible has been expressed by top level officials, think tanks, and the 9/11 Commission. 9/11 and the public diplomacy Public diplomacy is, very simply, diplomacy aimed at publics, as opposed to officials. While some people associate public diplo...

THE END OF USSR As Soviet leader changed from Breznev to Gorbachev, from Nixon to Reagan; each leader was occupied with a distinct personality. Both leader either from US and Soviet Union has to face a major changes within their domestic politic. These two leaders were elected in the era USSR power gradually declining and losing its control over its satellite states. Gorbachev inherits domestic crisis due to its harsh winter and economic recession. While United states has Reagan find a new strategic of diplomacy, leaving atomic diplomacy behind through agreement on SALT I and SALT II, diplomacy executed by Reagan is majority directed towards prevention. Preventive diplomacy implemented within the agreement in 1985 saying that both parties agree to reduce their nuclear arsenal by 50 %. United states was in time ready to exercise its defense strategy in order to counter SU further hegemony. The end of USSR was basically occurred because the internal upheavals within Soviet union borde...

Introduction Copenhagen Accord is a set agreement made either by a small country (referring to developing countries) and large (refer to developed countries) in order to limit carbon dioxide emissions and replace the Kyoto Protocol (1997). Copenhagen Accord is promises made by small states or big states to limit carbon dioxide emissions generated by them. This means they must make major commitments to reducing greenhouse gases which are subject to an international consulting and analysis. The deal was brokered by the five countries, China, Brazil, South Africa, India, and led by the United States and previously has been summarized into the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali (2009) which produces COP 15. COP 15 is at the important subject to be presented in negotiations by collecting approximately 115 countries around the world. However, the agreement in Copenhagen Accord did not end with unanimous support, amid anger from some developing countries who say the Copenhagen...

Abstrak Global Financial Crisis yang dimulai sejak 2008 hingga memuncak Oktober 2008 membawa dampak cukup signifikan dalam perkembangan politik luar negeri. Pengambilan kebijakan luar negeri negara-negara di dunia saat itu sangat dipengaruhi oleh isu ekonomi yang mengemuka akibat krisis supreme mortgage di Amerika Serikat. Salah satu dampak yang cukup signifikan terlihat dari pengambilan kebijakan luar negeri di Jerman dan Inggris sebagai sekutu dan partner Amerika Serikat serta sebagai dua kekuatan utama Eropa dalam bidang perekonomian . Baik pemerintahan Inggris maupun Jerman berusaha mengeliminir akibat dari krisis finansial yang dapat membawa dampak negatif bagi perekonomian dalam negeri. Kedua negara ini pada awalnya mempunyai kebijakan yang berbeda mengenai bagaimana masing-masing negara akan menghadapi resesi ekonomi yang terjadi di negara mereka. Merkel dan Brown sebagai kepala pemerintahan juga memberikan pengaruh yang cukup besar dalam proses pengambilan keputusan tersebut. ...